Muscatine

- Scrambling the host genome
- Widespread mutations
- Inactivation of genes
- Activation of genes including oncogenes associated with cancer
- Creating new transcripts (RNAs) with regulatory roles
- Creating new unintended proteins
- Creating new metabolites that may be toxic
- Activation of endogenous viruses
- Creating new viruses by recombination of viral sequences in GM inserts with those in the host genome

2. Potential effects of the transgenic protein(s) introduced:

- Becoming allergenic or immunogenic due to alternative processing of the protein(s)Creating new proteins that may be immunogenic

3. Effects due to the GM insert and its instability:

- Genomic rearrangements in subsequent generations with further unpredictable effects
- Horizontal gene transfer and recombination
- Spreading antibiotic resistance marker genes
- Creating new viral and bacterial pathogens from viral and bacterial sequencesCreating insertion mutagenesis in the genomes of cells to which the GM inserts are transferred